The summary of Grammar

PREFERENCE

1. Untuk menyatakan kelebihsukaan terhadap suatu benda atau kegiatan digunakan struktur sebagai berikut:

1. S + Like + Noun*/ Gerund* + Better Than + Noun**/Gerund**
   Jane likes apple better than grape.
2. S + Prefer + Noun*/ Gerund* + To + Noun** / Gerund**
   Jane prefers eating apple to eating grape
3. S + Prefer + To infinitive + (Rather) Than+Infinitive/Gerund/Noun
   Jane prefers to eat apple rather than eat grape
4. S+Would prefer+To infinitive+(Rather)Than+ Infinitive/Gerund/Noun
   Jane would prefer to eat apple than eating grape
5. S + Would Rather + Infinitive + THAN + Infinitive / Gerund / Noun
   Jane would rather eat apple than grape

B. Untuk meminta seseorang melakukan suatu kegiatan secara halus (implied causative) digunakan struktur sebagai berikut:

1. S + Prefer + Someone (Subject) + To infinitive
   I prefers he to go to bed
2. S + Would Rather + Someone (Subject) + Verb**
   I would rather he went to bed

Adverb Clause

Clause ini digunakan untak memberi keterangan tambahan kepada Main Clause. Dalam struktur Adverb Clause ditandai dengan kata penghubung yang sesuai dengan keterangan yang diberikan,antara lain:

1. Time : after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, since, until, when, whenever, while.
2. Place : where, wherever.
3. Reason : because, since.
4. Purpose : so that, in order that.
5. Manner : as if, as though.
6. Condition : if, in case, provided that, unless, otherwise.
7. Result : so.. that, such . . . that, therefore, thus, consequently.
8. Contrast : although, though, even though, however, but, in spite of, despite.

Contoh :
He is such a good teacher that I will never forget him.
You will not make a success unless you work hard.

 

 

 

 

Kecuali dengan bentuk GERUND (infinitive + ing) yang mengandung arti hal perbuatan/cara perbuatan itu dilakukan, misalnya : swimming is good for our health, collecting stamps is my hobby, reading French is difficult, parking here is forbidden dsb. - kata kerja yang dijadikan kata benda bisa dibuat dengan memberi berbagai akhiran selain "ing".

a. Infinitive + TION
to inform - information artinya: penerangan
to reform - reformation pembaharuan
to solve - solution larutan, pemecahan
to repeat - repetition ulangan
to produce - production hasil/produksi
to attend - attention perhatian
to pronounce - pronunciation pengucapan suara
to administer - administration pengelolaan
to educate - education pendidikan
to elect - election pemilihan
to invite - invitation undangan
to intend - intention niat
to invent - invention penemuan (baru)
to demonstrate - demonstration demonstrasi
to alter - alteration pengubahan (ganti)
to altercate - altercation pertengkaran
to fabricate - fabrication pembuatan
to act - action perbuatan
to appreciate - appreciation penghargaan
to assume - assumption sangkaan/dugaan
to corrupt - corruption (korupsi)
to classify - classification (jenis/klasifikasi)
to circulate - circulation (peredaran)
to combine - combination (gabungan/kombinasi)
to mwounicate - communication (perhubungan)
to confirm - confirmation (penetapan/pengesahan)
to decorate - decoration (dekorasi ruangan)
to declare - declaration (pernyataan)
to devote - devotion (ketaman/kepamhan)
to expose - exposition (pertunjuka/pameran)
to except - exception (bantahan/kekecualian
to frustrate - frustration (kekecewaan dan bingung;frustasi)
to hesitate - hesitation (kebimbangan)
to inject - injection (suntikan)
to interrupt - interruption (pemulusan/penentangan)
to interpret - interpretation (penafsiran)
to intervere - intervention (campur tangan)
to narrate - narration (penceramah)
to observe - observation (pengamatan)
to operate - operation (pembedahan ;kedokteran ;gerakan ;militer pengerjaan)
to present -presentation (presentasi)
to register - registration (pendaftaran)
to relate - relation (perhubungan)
to restore - restoration (perbaikan/pemugaran)
to satisfy - satisfaction (kepuasan)
to translate - translation (penerjemahan)

b. Berakhiran SION
to permit - permission (izin)
to omit - omission (penghilangan/penanggalan)
to secede - secession (pemisahan)
to succeed - succession (pewarisan)
to apprehend - apprehension (pemahamam, keprihatinan,pengertian, kecemasan)
to decide - decision (keputusan)
to discuss - discussion (perundingan)
to suspect - suspicion (kesangsian, kecurigaan)
to explode - explosion (ledakan, letusan)

c. Berakiran URE
to please - pleasure (kesenangan)
to press - pressure (tekanan)
to depart - departure (keberangkatan)
to sign - signature (tandatangan)
to seize - seizure (perampasan)

d. Berakhiran AL
to arrive - arrival (kedatangan)
to try - trial (percobaan)
to approve - approval (pernyataan setuju)
to remove - removal (perpindahan)
to rehearse - rehearsal (pengulangan)
to acquit - acquittal (pelunasan/kelepasan)
to dispose - disposal (pengaturan/kecondongan)
to edit - editorial (tajuk rencana)
to continue - continual (kesinambungan)

e. Berakhiran MENT
to govern - government (pemerintahan)
to equip - equipment (perlengkapan)
to agree - agreement (persetujuan)
to improve - improvement (perbaikan)
to enlarge - enlargement (perluasan)
to pay - payment (pembayaran)
to invest - investment (penanaman modal)
to punish - punishment (hukuman)
to arrange - arrangement (tatanan, susunan)
to settle - settlement (penyelesaian, perkampungan)
to entertain - entertainment (hiburan)
to manage - management (pengelolaan)
to develop - development (perkembangan)

f. Berakhiran CB/ANCE
to perform - performance (pertunjukan)
to resist - resistance (perlawanan)
to assist - assistance (bantuan)
to appear - appearance (kemunculan, penampilan)
to enter - entrance (jalanmasuk)
to guide - guidance (tuntunan, panduan)
to serve - service (pelayanan)
to accord - accordance (persesuaian/persetujuan)
to maintain - maintenance (pemeliharaan)
to defend - defense (pertahanan)

g. Berakhlran ESS
to succeed - success (keberhasilan)
to proceed - process (perkembangan/kemajuan)
to exceed - excess (kelebihan)

h. Berakhiran TH
to grow - growth (perturnbuhan)
to die - death (kematian)
to deepen (memperdalam) - depth (kedalaman)

t. Ada pula kata-kata yang diberi bentuk tersendiri dan berubah suara/bunyi
to see - sight (penglihatan)
to fly - flight (penerbangan)
to receive - receipt (tanda penerimaan)
to draw - drawing (gambar)
to drink - draught (tegukan/minum (obat))
to give - gift (pemberian)
to speak - speech (pidato)
to loose - loss (kehilangan/rugi)
to choose - choice (pilihan)
to live - life (kehidupan)
to conquer - conquest (penaklukan)
to pray - prayer (persembahan/doa)
to sing - song (nyanyian)
to know - knowledge (pengetahuan)

J. Ada pula kata-kata kerja yang tidak berubah sama sekali bentuknya
to walk - walk (perjalanan/jalannya)
to ride - ride (pengendaraan)
to dance - dance (tarian)
to play - play (permainan)
to visit - visit (kunjungan)
to escape - escape (kelepasan/kelolosan)
to laugh - laugh (tertawa)
smile - smile (senyuman)
to sleep - sleep (tidurnya)
to plant - plant (tanaman)
to change - change (perubahan)
to look - look (pandangan)
to show - show (pertunjukkan)
to drink - drink (minuman)
to love - love (cinta)
to aid - aid (bantuan)
to help - help (pertolongan)

a. Dengan pemberian akhiran Y anger - angry (marah) wealth - wealthy (makmur) health - healthy (sehat) fun - funny (lucu/menggelikan) hair - hairy (berambut) rain - rainy (berhujan) wind - windy (berangin) cloud - cloudy (berawan) fog - foggy (berkabut) noise - noisy (ribut/berisik) sorrow - sorry (menyesal/sedih/sayang) dust - dusty (kotor/berdebu) b. Akhiran OUS danger - dangerous (berbahaya) victory - victorious (gemilang) glory - glorious (megah) mystery - mysterious (penuh rahasia) delight - delicious (nyaman/nikmat/lezat) c. Akhiran FUL wonder - wonderful (ajaib) use - useful (berguna) delight - delightful (nyaman) care - careful (hati-hati) wish - wishful (berkeinginan) dread - dreadful (mengerikan) peace - peaceful (penuh kedamaian) power - powerful (penuh kekuatan) doubt - doubtful (ragu sekali) success - successful (sangat berhasil) respect - respectful (hormat) d. Akhiran AL history - historical (bersejarah) condition - conditional (bersyarat) science - scientifical (ilmiah) spirit - spiritual (rohaniah) education - educational (mengenai pendidikan) centrum - central (pusat) origin - original (asli) person - personal (bersifat pribadi)

a. Dengan pemberian akhiran CE
patient - patience (kesabaran)
important - importance (pentingnya)
present - presence (kehadiran)
absent - absence (ketidakhadiran)
different - difference (perbedaan)
distant - distance (jarak)

b. Akhiran NESS
sad - sadness (kesedihan)
glad - gladness (kegembiraan)
happy - happiness (kebahagiaan)
kind - kindness (keramahan/kebaikan)
dark - darkness (kegelapan)
bright - brightness (kecemerlangan)

c. Akhiran ITY
noble - nobility (keagungan budi)
able - ability (kemampuan)
capable - capability (kecakapan)
pure - purity (keaslian/kemurnian/kesucian)
popular - popularity (ketenaran)
original - originality (keaslian)

d. Ada yang mempunyai bentuk khusus
high - height (tinggi/tingginya)
wide - width (lebar/luas/lebarnya/luasnya)
long - length (panjang/panjangnya)
deep - depth (dalam/dalamnya)
strong - strength (kekuatan)
new - novelty (kebaharuan)
true - truth (kebenaran)
rich - riches (kekayaan)
proud - pride (kebanggaan)

. Dengan pemberian akhiran BLE
to bear - bearable (dapat ditahan)
to obtain - obtainable (bisa diperoleh)
to apply - applicable (dapat digunakan)
to break - breakable (mudah pecah)
to manage - manageable (dapat dikelola/dikendalikan)
to extend - extensible (dapat diperluas)
to find - findable (dapat diketemukan)
to separate - separable (dapat dipisahkan)
to penetrate - penetrable (dapat ditembus/dimasuki)
to agree - agreeable (dapat disetujui)
to accept - acceptable (dapat diterima)

b. Ada yang mempunyai bentuk sendiri
to hear - audible (dapat didengar)
to read - legible (dapat dibaca)
to eat - edible (dapat dimakan)
to see - visible (dapat dilihat)
to burn - inflammable (mudah terbakar)
to touch - palpable/tangible (dapatdiraba/disentuh)
to carry - portable (dapat diangkut/dicangking)
to bend - flexible (dapat dilengkungkan)
to feel - sensible (dapat dirasakan)

c. Perhatikan arti kata-kata di bawah ini
inalienable - tidak dapat dicabut haknya
irreplaceable - tidak dapat digantikan
indispensable - tidak dapat ditinggalkan
innumerable - tidak terhingga banyaknya
irresponsible - tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
inviolable - tidak boleh diganggu gugat
irrevocable - tidak boleh tidak (harus)
irresistible - tidak dapat menahan godaan,karena sangat menarik
incredible - tidak dapat dipercaya/mustahil/tak masuk akal

PRONOUN

Pronoun dibagi menjadi tiga bagian, yaitu :
Personal, Relative, dan indefinite.Contoh:

Personal/ Subjek:
I, you, we, they, he, she, it.

Personal/Objek:
me,you,us,them,him,her,it.

Personal/Possessive Adjective:
my, your, our, their, his, her, its.

Personal/Possessive Pronoun:
mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers,untuk "it" tidak ada bentuknya.

Personal/Reflexive
myself, yourself/yourselves, ourselves, themselves, himself, herself,
itself.

untuk Relative, contoh:
who, whom, which, that, whose, where, when, why.

untuk Indefinite, contoh:
+/positive word yaitu:
some...., somebody, something, someone
untuk -/? negative/pertanyaan word yaitu:
any...., anybody, anything, anyone.
everybody, everything, everyone.


Catatan:
1.Relative pronoun digunakan dalam ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.
2.SOME dapat digunakan dalam kalimat tanya PENAWARAN.
3.ANY dalam kalimat positif, maknanya sama dengan EVERY.

 

TENSES
Tenses terbagi antara lain Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous, dengan rumus berturut-turut yaitu: Verb = Simple Verb,
Verb = Be + V-ing, Verb = Have + V3, Verb = Have+Been+V-ing.

Contoh:

PRESENT (V1)

SIMPLE	CONTINUOUS
Verb = Simple Verb	Verb = Be + V-ing
S + V1 + O Bob always watches TV everyday	S + is/am/are + V-ing + O Ann is sleeping right now.
keterangan waktu: Now,today, everyday, dst.	keterangan waktu: Now, at this time, at the moment, in progress, dst.

 

PERFECT	PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Verb = have + V3	Verb = Have + Been + V-ing
S+Have/Has+V3+O I have already eaten	S+Have/Has+Been+V-ing+O Jim has been studying for two hours
Keterangan waktu: Dianggap tidak penting sehingga sering tidak dicantumkan.	Keterangan waktu: Umumnya tidak ada.

PAST ( V2 )

SIMPLE	CONTINUOUS
Verb = Simple Verb	Verb = Be + V-ing
S + V2 + O Bob watched TV last night.	S + was/were + V-ing + O Ann was sleeping when i came to her house
keterangan waktu: Yesterday, last night, two days ago,dst.	keterangan waktu: When + simple past While + past continuous

 

PERFECT	PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Verb = have + V3	Verb = Have + Been + V-ing
S+Had+V3+O I Had eaten when my friend arrived.	S+Had+Been+V-ing+O Jim had been studying for two hours when I finished my work.
keterangan waktu: when by the time + simple past Before + simple past	keterangan waktu: when by the time + simple past Before + simple past

FUTURE ( WILL+VERB )

SIMPLE	CONTINUOUS
Verb = Simple Verb	Verb = Be + V-ing
S + Will/{[is/am] + going to} + Infinitive + O Bob will watch TV tonight.	S + will + be + V-ing +O Ann will be sleeping by the time I come to her house.
keterangan waktu: Tomorrow,tonight, next year, dst.	keterangan waktu: when + Simple present By the time + Simple present

 

PERFECT	PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Verb = have + V3	Verb = Have + Been + V-ing
S+will+Have+V3 +O I will have eaten by the time my friend arrived.	S+will+have+Been+V-ing+O Jim will have been studying for two hours when I finish my work.
keterangan waktu: when by the time + simple present Before + simple present	keterangan waktu: when by the time + simple present Before + simple present

Catatan:

• keterangan waktu diatas hanya merupakan sebagian contoh.
• SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES dapat dinyatakan dengan PRESENT CONTINUOUS dan SIMPLE PRESENT.
• WILL digunakan untuk peristiwa yang spontan terjadi;
• BE GOING TO PRESENT CONTINUOUS untuk kegiatan yang direncanakan;
• SIMPLE PRESENT untuk kegiatan yang terjadwal akan dilakukan di masa depan.
• Ada kata-kata kerja (Verb) yang tidak pernah dinyatakan dalam bentuk-lng (V-ing) dengan makna Continuous (sedang dilakukan/sedang berlangsung).

Kata-kata kerja tersebut antara lain

1. MENTAL STATE
   know, believe, imagine, want, realize, feel, doubt, need,understand suppose, remember, prefer, recognize, think*, forget, mean
2. EMOTIONAL STATE
   love, hate, fear, mind, like, dislike, envy, care, appreciate
3. POSSESSION
   possess, have*, own belong
4. SENSE PERCEPTIONS
   taste*, hear, see*, smell*, feel*
5. OTHER EXISTING STATE
   seem, cost, be*, consist of ,look* ,over, exist, contain,
   appear*, weigh*, include

Kata kerja yang berasterik (*) juga bisa digunakan dalam continuous tense dengan makna yang berbeda. Contoh:

	NON PROGRESSIVE	PROGRESSIVE
think	I think he is kind a man	I am thinking about this grammar
have	he has a car	I am having trouble. She is having a good time.
taste	this food tastes good.	the chef is tasting the sauce.
smell	these flowers smell good.	Don is smelling the roses.
see	I see a butterfly. Do you see it?.	the doctor is seeing a patient.
feel	the cat's fur feels soft.	Sue is feeling the cat's fur.
look	she looks cold.I'll lend her my coat.	I am looking out the window.
appear	he appears to be asleep.	the actorr is appearing on the stage.
weigh	A piano is heavy. it weighs a lot.	the grocer is weighing the bananas.
be	I am hungry.	Tom is being foolish.

 

Tenses terbagi menjadi present, past, dan future.
berikut ini iktisar dari bagan - bagannya dengan bentuk Active dan Passive Voice

PRESENT
Present Simple

Active	Passive
S + V1 + O + Complement	S penderita + is/am/are + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Present Continuous

Active	Passive
S + is/am/are + V-ing + O + Complement	S penderita + is/am/are + being + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Present Perfect

Active	Passive
S + have/has + V3 + O + Complement	S penderita +have/has +been + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Present Perfect Continuous

Active	Passive
S + have/has + been+ V -ing + O + Complement	NO PASSIVE FORM

PAST
Past Simple

Active	Passive
S + V2 + O + Complement	S penderita +was/were +V3 + by O pelaku +Complement

Past Continuous

Active	Passive
S +was/were + V-ing + O + complement	S penderita +was/were + being + V3 + by O pelaku +Complement

Past Perfect

Active	Passive
S + had + V3 + O + Complement	S penderita + had + been + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Past Perfect continuous

Active	Passive
S + had + been + V-ing + O + Complement	NO PASSIVE FORM

FUTURE
Future Simple

Active	Passive
S + will/shall/be going to + inf. + O + Complement	S penderita +will/shall/be going to + be + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Future Continuous

Active	Passive
S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O + Complement	NO PASSIVE FORM

Future Perfect

Active	Passive
S + will/shall + have + V3 + O + Complement	S penderita + have/has + been + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Future Perfect Continuous

Active	Passive
S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing + O + Complement	NO PASSIVE FORM

Catatan :
Complement adalah keterangan pelengkap yang perlu dicantumkan, misal : keterangan tempat dan keterangan waktu.

 

AUXILIARY ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® MODALS
BE, DO, HAVE

	PRESENT	PAST
Ability	Can I can speak German	Could I could speak German when I was a child
Permission	May, Can, Might May I go playing football ?	Could, Might Could I go playing football?
Possibility	May, Can, Might John hasn't come yet. He may work.	May, Have, Might Have John hadn't come yet when we got home.He might have worked overtime
Advise	Should, Ought to, Had better. You should study hard.	Should have, Ought to have. you should have studied hard.
Necessity	Must, Have to. We must eat our breakfast.	Had to We had to eat our breakfast this morning.
Probability	Must He is absent today. He must be sick.	Must have He was absent yesterday. He must have been sick.

 

Catatan :

1. Probability adalah strong possibility.
2. Larangan (Prohibition) dinyatakan dengan menggunakan MUST NOT. Contoh :
   You must not go out tonight (kamu dilarang pergi).
   You don't have to go out tonight (kamu tidak perlu pergi).
3. SHOULD HAVE dan COULD HAVE menyatakan penyesalan terhadap suatu aktivitas yang pada kenyataannya tidak dilakukan.
4. WOULD juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan masa lalu (bermakna USED TO).
   contoh :
• My Grandfather would tell bedtime story when I was a child.
• My Grandfather used to tell bedtime story when I was a child.

 

Elliptical Construction

POSITIVE	NEGATIVE
SO + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT	NEITHER + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY + TOO	SUBJECT + AUXILIARY(NOT) + EITHER
you are a student. I am a student. you are a student, and so am I. And I am too.	you are not a doctor. I am not a doctor. you are not a doctor, and nether am I. And I am not either.

 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE

BOTH .... AND ..... NOT ONLY ...... BUT ALSO EITHER ..... OR ..... NETHER ... NOR ....	catatan: jika penggabungan dilakukan dengan menggunakan NOT ONLY - BUT ALSO - EITHER - OR, NEITHER-NOR, maka yang menentukan bentuk kata kerjanya, tunggal atau jamak, adalah subjek yang terdekat dengan kata kerjanya. Jika NEITHER - NOR , NOT ONLY - masing masing diikuti oleh kalimat lengkap, maka kalimatnya harus dalam bentuk tanya(kalimat inversi).
you are a student I am astudent ® BOTH you AND I are student. NOT ONLY you BUT ALSO I am student. EITHER you OR I am a student.

 

QUESTION TAGS

STATEMENT	TAG
( + ) / ( - )	( - ) / ( + )
I am	Aren't I/ am I not
Kalimat perintah	will/would/can/can't/could you
Kalimat larangan	will you
Kalimat ajakan ( let's )	won't you ( shall we )
Mengandung kata: Nobody, Nothing, Scarcely, Rarely, Seldom, Hardly, Never, Few, Little	( + )

 

 

SUBJUNCTIVE
( Wish, If only, As if/As though )

FAKTA	SUBJUNCTIVE
Kalimat Negatif	Kalimat Positif
is/am/are	were
PRESENT Simple Continuous Perfect Perf.Cont. PAST Perfect Perf.Cont. Perfect Perf.Cont. contoh : I am not as clever as he is. John isn't the owner of the store.	PAST Simple Continuous Perfect Perf.Cont. PAST Simple Continuous Perfect Perf.Cont. contoh : I wish I were as clever as he is. John acts as if he were the owner

 

 

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(If Clause)

1. PRESENT REAL
IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	FACT
if+Simple Present If I graduate in march	S+Modal1(will)+inf.+O I will take master degree in July.	it is possible to happen. I may graduate in March so I may take master degree in July.
2. PRESENT UNREAL
IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	FACT
if+Simple Past If I graduated in March.	S+Modal2(wouldl)+inf.+O I would take master degree in July.	Simple Present I don't graduate in March so I can't take master degree in July.
3. PAST UNREAL
IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	FACT
if+ Past Perfect If I had graduated in March.	S+Modal2(would)+have+V3+O I would have taken master degree in July.	Simple Past I couldn't take master degree in July because I didn't graduate in March.

Catatan:

1. Pernyataan dalam SUBJUNCTIVE dan CONDITIONAL SENTENCES selahu bertentangan dengan fakta.
2. Perubahan-perubahan TENSES yang terjadi dalam SUBJUNCTIVE juga berlaku dalam CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
3. IF dalam IF CLAUSE dapat dihilangkan jika terdapat kata bantu SHOULD, WERE, dan HAD dalam IF CLAUSE.
   ex: If I had been rich - Had I been rich

 

GERUND
adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari V-Ing, dan di dalam kalimat digunakan

Sebagai:

Subjek	WALKING is healthy
Objek	I hate SMOKING.
Objek dari sebuah preposisi	He is in charge OF ORGANIZING the meeting.

 

Dengan BY untuk menerangkan bagaimana sesuatu hal dilakukan.

I found out what QUENCH means BY LOOKING up the dictionary.

 

Sesudah kata kerja berikut ini

admit, delay, mention, suggest, look forward to. appreciate, deny, mind, tolerate, avoid, discuss, postpone, understand, can't stand, enjoy, practice, hate, can't help, finish, quit, be used to, complete, keep, regret, be accustomed to. consider, like, risk, object to.

 

 

PARTICIPLE
Participle terdiri atas PRESENT Participle (V_ Ing)
dan PAST Participle (V3)

Digunakan dalam :

Tenses Progressive

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
It was RAINING when I got home	-

Tenses Perfect

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
-	I have FORGOTTEN it.

Passive Voice

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
-	you'll BE TOLD as soon as possible.

Sebagai Adjective

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
it is an INTERESTING book.	it is a very COMPLICATED problem.

Sebagai Adjective Clause/Phrase

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
who is the fat man SITTING in the corner.	The book WRITTEN by Hemingway is interesting.

Sebagai Adverb Clause/Phrase

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
HAVING lost all my money, I went home.	Deepl SHOCKED, he decided never to speak to her again.

Catatan :

• Sesudah kata-kata see, hear, feel, smell, watch digunakan bentuk Present Participle ( V-ing ) atau Infinitive without to.
• Need diikuti V-ing atau to be + V2.
• Ketika digunakan sebagai Adjective, Present Participle mempunyai makna AKTIF, sedangkan Past Participle mempunyai makna PASIF.

 

1. Direct Speech
menyatakan isi pembicaraan seseorang dengan mengutip kata-katanya sebagaimana yang diucapkan

Jika:

Statement
John said, "I will go to Bali Tonight.

Yes / No Question
She asked, "Do you know the speaker's name?"

WH - Question
The teacher asked Jane, "Why did you make many mistakes?"

Imperative
She said to the boys, "Sit down!"

(negative)
She told me. "Don't speak!"

Present
Past Simple
Past Perfect

2. Indirect Speech
menyatakan isi pembicaraan seseorang tanpa mengutip kata-katanya sbagaiman adanya.

Maka :

THAT + statement
John said (that) he would go to Bali that night.

WHETHER/ IF + Statement
She asked me whether/if I knew the speaker's name.

WH -Statement
The teacher asked Jane why she had made many mistakes.

TO INFINITIVE
She told the boys To Sit down.

NOT to infinitive
She told me Not To Speak .

Past
Past Perfect
Past Perfect

CATATAN

• Would, should, had better, might, used to dan could di dalam Indirect Speech tidak mengalami perubahan.
• Kata penghubung That boleh dihilangkan dalam Indirect Speech.

 

Contoh Causative:

ACTIVE CAUSATIVE

1. S + Let/make/have + O pelaku + Infinitive + O penderita
   ex: john had the mechanic repair his car.
2. S + Get + O pelaku + To Infinitive + O penderita
   ex: john got the mechanic to repair his car.

PASSIVE CAUSATIVE

• S + Make/have/get + O penderita + Verb3
  ex: john made his car repaired.